More (and more) Meerkats

Meerkats live in family groups of up to 30 individuals. It is no coincidence that Meerkats are social animals. The desert is a harsh environment and in order to survive Meerkats require the cooperation of the entire colony. So dependent are they on cooperation that research suggests that if the number of individuals in a colony drops below the critical threshold of 6 animals, the colony will not survive.

Meerkats are social animals

Meerkats are a diurnal species (ie they are active by day). In the desert most predators are nocturnal – probably in order to avoid the searing summer daytime heat (in a previous blog post I explained some of the strategies that Meerkats use to deal with the heat). This may be one reason why Meerkats have chosen to be active by day. However there are still predators about during the day.

Meerkats dig for their food and therefore literally have their heads buried in the ground for much of the day while they are feeding.

Young Suricate foraging

A young Meerkat digging for food

In order to protect the colony from a surprise attack during foraging, each member  takes a turn to be on sentry duty. Their eyesight is incredible and not only are they able to detect animals at a distance of kilometres but they can identify the species at that distance. They possess a complex vocabulary which includes distinct alarm calls for different predators. This allows the rest of the colony to know immediately just how severe any threat is and from where it is approaching (land or air).

A meerkat scans the surroundings

Almost all members of the colony are closely related and this encourages cooperation and altruism which assists the survival of each individual. They all assist with the raising of the young and it is remarkable to watch them confront a threat in unison creating an intimidating united front. I was extremely fortunate to be present one day when one of a colony dug-up a Shield-Nosed Snake. These snakes are from the cobra family. Although they are venomous they also sham death until danger seems too close.

The Meerkat that uncovered this character immediately let out a very informative yelp and several members of the colony came rushing over to help. They warily approached the potential danger, while the snake was clearly shamming death. But when they got too close, the snake would writhe or strike at them and they would leap backwards baring their fangs and then carefully approach again. They kept this up for a while and eventually lost interest and left.

A group of Meerkats assess the danger of a shield nosed snake

I managed to get some video of this interaction. It is really interesting. Have a look at it:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IG0WNUXCCXk

If you enjoy this youtube and let me know, I promise to upload more clips from this amazing interaction.

Meanwhile  the meerkat says – that’s all folks:

That's all folks

 

The luckiest guy in the world?

I may be wrong but I think I may be the luckiest guy in the world.

This week I took a wonderful group from New Mexico and/or Wyoming up Table Mountain.

The mist was thick, the ambience was perfect and the Protea cynaroides (Protea cynaroides) were sublime. . .

They are MAGNIFICENT and they are South Africa’s National Flower and this is what they look like from close up:

And this is what they look like from SUPER close-up:

The point I’m trying to make is that last week I was in the Makgadikgadi, this week I am amongst the exquisite Cape Fynbos and soon I will be in the Greater Kruger National Park.

So – watch this space.

 

 

 

 

Meerkats and the water mystery

A little while ago I mentioned that meerkats never drink water and yet they live active lives and require a lot of water for their metabolism. Remarkably they obtain all their water from the food which they eat. And they obtain all their food from underground.

They feed mainly on juicy beetle larvae, succulent frogs and crunchy (but moisture-filled) scorpions and in this way they obtain all the moisture that they require.

In the following photo you can see the last bit of a scorpion just before this baby meerkat swallows it.

Meerkats & the extreme desert temperatures

Meerkats are really remarkable. They are small mammals that live in an extremely harsh environment. Their small shape means that they lose or gain heat very rapidly and being mammals this means that they must expend energy in maintaining their body temperature and they must find behavioral ways in which to avoid excessive heat gain or heat loss.

They are sociable animals and they live in burrows. At night the temperature in these burrows does not drop as low as on the surface. Also the meerkat family in the burrow huddles together for warmth. During the day, when the temperature becomes too hot to continue foraging, they also return to the burrow for the shade and cool that it offers in the heat.

Meerkats at their burrow entrance

The fur of a meerkat is very thin and this allows for rapid loss of heat but it is not very effective at keeping them warm. So on cold mornings they erect their hair to create a thicker insulation layer and stand with their darker tummies facing the rising sun, in order to warm-up.

Warming-up in the morning

However, when the temperature rises their thin fur is an advantage. Before they have to retreat into their burrow in order to escape the heat, meerkats often find a shady spot or scratch away the surface sand to expose cooler sand and lie there to rapidly dump heat from their bodies. This allows them to remain out foraging for longer.

ooooh that feels so nice & cool

The most effective way for a plant or animal to cool them-self is through evaporative cooling. In mammals this takes the form of sweating or panting and meerkats do use this strategy to a limited extent . . . but they never drink water! In the next post I’ll talk about how meerkats obtain water from the harsh and often dry environment in which they live.

Makgadikgadi Meerkats

I’m currently on the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. This is a challenging desert environment and all life forms here are adapted to survive under the harsh conditions. The Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are not only the most endearing species here but are also a window into the challenges and other species of this area.

Over the next few posts I will share some of the lessons I have learnt from these wonderful animals.

My favourite frog

I think frogs are awesome. Although we associate them with water as a group they have found many ways to be independent of water. Chiromantis xerampelina is also known as the “foam nest frog” or the “grey tree frog”.

These beautiful frogs are often found long distances from water in the hottest conditions. Remarkably they can absorb surface water like dew, through the skin on their stomachs. And in order to avoid losing this precious water to a harsh dry environment they have special waterproofing cells on their backs. Although they are called “grey tree frogs” and their colour is often grey, when they are exposed to harsh sun radiation, they turn white in order to reflect the incident hot rays.

The Foam Nest Frog

Because they often live far from permanent standing water, these frogs wait for the rains before breeding. Frog eggs are full of nutrients and young tadpoles are vulnerable to predation from a host of creatures ranging from Dragonfly Larvae to Herons. In order to protect their vulnerable eggs and larvae, these beautiful frogs lay their eggs in a foam nest that they suspend above water. The nest looks like shaving foam hanging from a tree branch or from the bank above water and it protects the eggs and tadpoles from UV rays while keeping them moist and out of reach (hopefully) of predators. When the tadpoles have grown to a reasonable size, their wriggling breaks the bottom of the nest and they fall into the water below.

Let me know about your favourite frog.

Spiderwoman

This beautiful lady is a Golden Orb Web Spider. I saw her in the Okavango but you might find members of her species in many different areas.

She is a remarkable spider and can produce more than 300 metres of extremely strong silk per day. Her silk has twice as much stretch as silk and by weight is 5 times stronger than steel but is lighter than cotton. It’s no wonder that she recycles it. She eats all unused old silk, processes it and it is available for use again within 30 minutes.

The intriguing, vicious and sometimes exquisite antlion

I’m sure that you’ve seen those small pits in the dust. You know the ones I mean . . .

The creatures that construct these pits are intriguing and vicious little creatures called ant lions because they feed on small insects and arachnids (mostly ants and termites) and are ferocious. Their bodies are grub-like but covered in stiff hairs. Their mouthparts consist of only a pair of sharp, hollow fang-like jaws.

They construct their characteristic pits by moving backwards in concentric circles in fine loose sand. They then lie at the bottom of their pit and wait for an unsuspecting insect of a suitable size to fall into the pit. The steep loose sides cause the prey to slide down to the bottom and the ant lion speeds-up the process by flicking sand onto the prey. As soon as the prey is within reach the ant lion grabs it in its jaw, subdues it and sucks it dry, discarding the empty carcass. Because they move backwards through fine sand they do not have an anus. All their waste products collect at the end of their blind-ending digestive track and are discarded when they moult.

After a long period in this larval stage they metamorphose into a winged form. On my most recent safari with Uncharted Africa I saw this exquisite winged adult. I hope that you enjoy it as much as I did.

River Crossings in Moremi

The Okavango Delta floods annually. This flood derives its water from rains that fall far in the north in the Angolan Highlands. This water takes months to reach the Okavango Delta. Last year’s flood was extremely high and the water level is still extremely high. On my recent expedition with Uncharted Africa we had to do several exciting river crossings. Have a look at the video of one of our crossings.

The Okavango in the wet season

I have just completed a fantastic safari in The Okavango Delta of Botswana. This magical paradise is my favourite place on earth.

At present it is the rainy season up here and while this makes driving more challenging the rewards are bountiful. For a start everything is lush and green and most animals have recently given birth.

Also the flowers are out in abundance. Most impressive was the Impala Lily (Gloriosa superba) which also happens to be the national flower of Zimbabwe. Although this plant is poisonous it is also of medical importance and since it contains colchicine in some places it is used to treat gout.

And of course the migratory birds are here at the moment and they are magnificent! Another of my favourites which we saw was the Carmine Bee-Eater. These birds are intra-african migrants which lay their eggs in nests burrowed into sand banks.

As soon as I get the hang of uploading to you-tube and interfacing with my blog, I’ll post some fun videos of us crossing serious water in our indomitable Landcruisers. So please watch this space.